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Updated:09/19/2008 Copyright © 1996-2008 Skip Stein
Photo of the Rosetta Stone from British Museum (117k)
The Rosetta Stone led to the modern understanding of hieroglyphs. Made in Egypt around 200BC, it is a stone tablet engraved with writing which celebrates the crowning of King Ptolemy V. It is a solid piece of black Basalt and is 1m high by 70cm wide by 30cm deep. Quite heavy.
The interesting thing about the Rosetta Stone is that the writing is repeated three times in different alphabets:
- Hieroglyphic (top of stone)- used by ancient Egyptians
- Demotic (centre of stone)- used by Arabs including modern Egyptians
- Greek (base of stone)- used by, erm, Greeks, and other eastern Europeans
Simplified map of the world showing Egypt (10k) 
Map of northern Egypt showing Rashid, the discovery location (44k)
The stone was re-discovered in 1799AD at Rosetta near Rashid, about 200km north of Cairo on the Mediterranean coast. At that time, the meaning of hieroglyphs had been forgotten. Nobody could translate any of the hieroglyphs found whilst raiding/exploring ancient Egyptian archeology.
However, the Rosetta Stone changed all that. Because people of the 19th century could understand the Demotic and Greek parts of the engraving, a chap called Jean-Francois Champollion worked out which words were represented by which hieroglyphs in 1821AD.
The Rosetta Stone now rests in the British Museum in London.
Here is an extract from the writing on the Rosetta Stone:
- ...whereas king PTOLEMY THE EVER-LIVING, THE BELOVED OF PTAH, THE GOD EPIPHANES EUCHARISTO, the son of King Ptolemy and Queen Arsinoe, the Gods Philopatores, has been a benefactor both to the temples and to those who dwell in them, as well as those who are his subjects, being a god sprung from a god and goddess (like Horus the son of lsis and Osiris, who avenged his father Osiris) and being benevolently disposed towards the gods, has dedicated to the temples revenues in money and corn and has undertaken much outlay to bring Egypt into prosperity, and to establish the temples, and has been generous with all his own means; and of the revenues and taxes levied in Egypt some he has wholly remitted and others has lightened, in order that the people and the others might be in prosperity during his reign: and whereas he has remitted the debts to the crown being many in number which they in Egypt and in the rest of the kingdom owed: and whereas those who were in prison and those who were under accusation for a long time, he has freed of the charges against them; and whereas he has directed that the gods shall continue to enjoy the revenues of the temples and the yearly allowances given to them, both of corn and money, likewise also the revenues assigned to the gods from vine land and from gardens and other properties which belonged to the gods in his father's time...
Photo of the Place des Ecritures, Figeac, France (81k)
There is now a museum dedicated to the translator Jean-Francois Champollion, located in Champollion's home town of Figeac near Cahors in southern France.
An Egyptian tablet in the Louvre Museum, Paris, France (26k) 
Hieroglyphic name ring for King Ptolemy V
Champollion was born in December 1790 and could speak Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Arabic, Chaldean and Syrian by the age of 14. By 19, Champollion was a History lecturer at Grenoble University. He had to make his translations from a copy of the Rosetta Stone, since the stone itself had been stolen/seized by the English during the Napoleonic war.Champollion visited Egypt only once- to put his new understanding of hieroglyphs to the test. He returned to France to found the Egyptology Museum at the Louvre in Paris (where you can still see many tablets and statues today). Champollion died in 1832 aged only 42.
Much of Champollion's work was based on that of Englishman Thomas Young who had already deciphered names of people and places. Words like these, called Proper Nouns, are bordered by hieroglyphic name rings, similar in shape to modern army name tags.
[ British Museum | The Louvre ]
